Narration Direct and Indirect Speech – BSEB Class 10 English Grammar

Narration Direct and Indirect Speech – Introduction

Narration में किसी व्यक्ति के द्वारा कही गई बात को report किया जाता है। इसके दो मुख्य forms हैं – Direct Speech और Indirect Speech.

Direct Speech

जब speaker के exact words को quotation marks में लिखा जाता है, उसे Direct Speech कहते हैं।

Ram said, “I am busy.”

Indirect Speech

जब speaker की बात को अपने शब्दों में बिना quotation marks के बताया जाता है, उसे Indirect Speech कहते हैं।

Ram said that he was busy.

Important Changes

Direct से Indirect में बदलते समय सामान्यतः tense, pronoun और time/place expressions में परिवर्तन हो सकता है।

Tense Changes

• Present Simple → Past Simple
• Present Continuous → Past Continuous
• Present Perfect → Past Perfect
• Past Simple → Past Perfect
• Will → Would
• Can → Could
• May → Might

Examples

Direct: He said, “I am happy.”

Indirect: He said that he was happy.

Direct: She said, “I have finished my work.”

Indirect: She said that she had finished her work.

Direct: Ram said, “I will help you.”

Indirect: Ram said that he would help me.

Change of Time Expressions

• now → then
• today → that day
• tomorrow → the next day
• yesterday → the previous day
• here → there
• this → that
• these → those

Imperative Sentences

Order, request या advice वाले sentences को Indirect में बदलते समय ordered, requested, advised आदि reporting verbs का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

Direct: The teacher said to me, “Work hard.”

Indirect: The teacher advised me to work hard.

Interrogative Sentences

Question को indirect speech में बदलते समय quotation marks हटाए जाते हैं और सामान्यतः if/whether या question word का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

Direct: He said to me, “Are you ready?”

Indirect: He asked me if I was ready.

Direct: He said, “Where do you live?”

Indirect: He asked where I lived.

Universal Truth

यदि Direct Speech में universal truth दिया गया हो, तो सामान्यतः उसका tense नहीं बदला जाता।

Direct: The teacher said, “The sun rises in the east.”

Indirect: The teacher said that the sun rises in the east.

Practice Questions

1. Ram said, “I am tired.”
2. She said, “I have completed my work.”
3. He said to me, “Do you know him?”
4. The teacher said, “Work hard.”
5. He said, “Where do you live?”

Answers

1. Ram said that he was tired.
2. She said that she had completed her work.
3. He asked me if I knew him.
4. The teacher advised us to work hard.
5. He asked where I lived.

Conclusion

Narration में tense, pronoun, reporting verb और time expressions के परिवर्तन को समझना सबसे महत्वपूर्ण है। Rules के साथ पर्याप्त practice करने पर Direct और Indirect Speech के questions आसानी से हल किए जा सकते हैं।